Percutaneous Nephrostomy Insertion Training: An Overview

Abstract

Percutaneous nephrostomy insertion is a technique performed by an interventional radiologist or a urologist for an acutely or long-standing obstructed urinary tract. Mastering the technique involves overcoming a steep learning curve. Various methods of training have been developed over the years to facilitate learning. These vary from simple physical models, such as biological or non-biological practice phantoms, to more sophisticated virtual reality sets, which allow for a more lifelike learning environment by replicating factors such as kidney movement caused by breathing. The authors discuss the pros and cons of different practice models and the challenges that trainees face on their journey to becoming competent at performing nephrostomies. They also propose their recommendations based on the experience of trainees in their institution.