Role of lipids in nutrition of premature babies with bronchopulmonary dysplasia

Abstract

Introduction. The review is devoted to the importance of lipids in the nutrition of premature infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). In recent years, the proportion of children born prematurely especially babies with very low and extremely low body weight, has been increasing due to the introduction of reproductive technologies that allow women with various pathologies and health abnormalities having children, as well as the use of modern neonatal intensive care and intensive care facilities. One of the most common diseases in such patients is BPD. An important component of the system of caring for prematurely born infants is adequate nutrition, which plays an important role in the development and maturation of all organs and systems, including lung tissue, changing its morphology. It is important to note that in severe BPD, there is a direct relationship between nutritional status, normal lung function, and psychomotor development of the infant. Therefore, the nutritional needs of premature BPD infants are increased and this imposes special requirements on their admission and individual dietary correction, taking into account all the features of the child’s development and the presence of concomitant pathology. The optimal nutrition for a premature baby is recognized as mother’s milk, which is enriched with breast milk. However, the fat component (the main energy substrate) is either absent in the fortifier, or lipids amounts in to fail to be sufficient. The use of specialized mixtures also does not overlap the caloric content of the diet to provide the growth rate of BPD infant against the background of increased energy needs by 15–25% when compared with patients without BPD) and the necessary restriction of the volume of injected fluid due to the high risk of hypervolemia of the small circulatory circle. Conclusion. Thus, an additional supply of medium-chain triglycerides seems to be a promising direction that increases the fat component of the diet and, as a result, its energy value in conditions of limiting fluid intake in premature BPD infants.