Efficacy of Near-Infrared Spectrometry for Monitoring the Cerebral Effects of Severe Dilutional Anemia

Abstract

<p><strong>Introduction:</strong> Clear guidelines for red cell transfusion during cardiac surgery have not yet been established. The current focus on blood conservation during cardiac surgery has increased the urgency to determine the minimum safe hematocrit for these patients. The aim of this study was to determine whether monitoring of cerebral regional oxygen saturation (rSO₂) via near-infrared spectrometry (NIRS) is effective for assessing the cerebral effects of severe dilutional anemia during elective coronary arterial bypass graft surgery (CABG).</p><p><strong>Methods:</strong> The prospective observational study involved patients who underwent cerebral rSO₂ monitoring by NIRS during elective isolated first-time CABG: an anemic group (<em>N</em>=15) (minimum Hemoglobin (Hb) N=15) (Hb &gt;8 g/dL during CPB). Mean arterial pressure (MAP), pump blood flow, blood lactate level, pCO₂, pO₂ at five time points and cross-clamp time, extracorporeal circulation time were recorded for each patient. Group results statistically were compared.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> The anemic group had significantly lower mean preoperative Hb than the control group (10.3 mg/dL versus 14.2 mg/dL; <em>P</em> = .001). The lowest Hb levels were observed in the hypothermic period of CPB in the anemic group. None of the controls exhibited a &gt;20% decrease in cerebral rSO₂. Eleven (73.3%) of the anemic patients required an increase in pump blood flow to raise their cerebral rSO₂.</p><p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> In this study, the changes in cerebral rSO₂ in the patients with low Hb were within acceptable limits, and this was in concordance with the blood lactate levels and blood-gas analysis. It can be suggested that NIRS monitoring of cerebral rSO₂ can assist in decision making related to blood transfusion and dilutional anemia during CPB.</p>