Examining Expectancy Violations in Text-Based Communication: an Analytical Framework for Comprehending Human Behavior

Abstract

Objective: The objective of this study is to investigate expectancy violations in WhatsApp text-based communication, with the aim of understanding how unexpected behaviors influence interpersonal interactions.   Theoretical Framework: The research is grounded in Expectancy Violation Theory (EVT), which provides a framework for analyzing how individuals respond to unexpected communication behaviors. The study adapts EVT to the digital communication context, focusing on relationship-specific factors and technological affordances.   Method: This qualitative exploratory research involved focus group discussions and in-depth interviews with twelve participants aged 19–34. Data was collected through these methods to identify recurring themes related to expectancy violations in WhatsApp communication. Thematic analysis was employed to categorize and interpret the data.   Results and Discussion: The results revealed that relationship type, message content, symbol usage, WhatsApp features, and timing are critical factors influencing the confirmation or violation of expectations. These findings are discussed in relation to the theoretical framework, highlighting the nuanced dynamics of digital communication.   Research Implications: The study provides practical insights for enhancing communication strategies on digital platforms, particularly in personal and professional contexts. The implications suggest that understanding expectancy violations can improve interpersonal communication in the increasingly digital world.   Originality/Value: This study contributes to the literature by applying EVT in a novel context, exploring the complexities of text-based communication on WhatsApp. The findings offer valuable perspectives for both theoretical development and practical application in digital communication.