The Contribution of Remote Sensing to Groundwater Exploration: A Case Study in the Far North Region of Cameroon

Abstract

Faced with an arid and semi-arid climate and limited surface water resources, the Far North Region of Cameroon prioritizes groundwater exploration. Indeed, these waters, being more potable than surface water, represent a crucial issue for the region. It is in this context that our study focused on mapping the groundwater potential of this area. To do this, we combined multi- criteria analysis with remote sensing. Multi-criteria analysis allowed us to consider various key factors such as climate, slope, lineament density, drainage network, geology, soil types, land use, and soil moisture. Each of these factors was weighted according to its relative importance for the presence of groundwater. Remote sensing provided us with powerful tools to collect spatial data. Satellites and other image capture technologies enabled us to acquire valuable information about the Earth's surface, such as surface temperature, vegetation density, and much more. These images then underwent extensive processing, including resampling, composite channel creation, and mosaicking. Texture analysis was also performed to identify fine lineaments in the landscape, potentially indicative of tectonic fractures or faults, which are important clues to the presence of groundwater. The study results revealed a heterogeneous distribution of groundwater potential in the region. 32.93% of the area (10,905.661 Km2) has low water content, 37.5% (12,416.402 Km2) moderate water content, 29.54% (9,781.646 Km2) good water content, and only 0.01% (9.04 Km2) excellent water content. The use of remote sensing for groundwater exploration in the Far North Region of Cameroon is a promising approach that should continue to develop. Technological advancements and access to more sophisticated data will enable even more precise and detailed information about the region's water resources. This will undoubtedly contribute to better management of this precious resource and increased water security for local populations.