Prevalence of Xerophthalmia in Rural Children of Latur, Maharashtra

Abstract

Purpose To ascertain the prevalence of Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) among rural children in Latur, Maharashtra.  Methods The study was conducted in a community setting and used a cross-sectional design, meaning data was collected at a single point in time. A total of 1,604 children aged 0- 15 years from rural areas in Latur, Maharashtra, participated in the study. Participants were chosen using a simple random sampling method, ensuring each child in the population had an equal chance of being selected. Data collection involved a pretested structured questionnaire, which helps ensure consistency and reliability in the responses, and ophthalmic examinations to check for Vitamin A deficiency.  Results The study found an overall Xerophthalmia prevalence of 5.6%. In children under six years old, the prevalence of Bitot's spots was 2.1%, compared to 4.2% in children over six. Older children were more frequently affected by Xerophthalmia. Factors contributing to Xerophthalmia included low income, poor consumption of fruits and vegetables, febrile illnesses, and lack of immunization. Additionally, the study noted that dietary patterns and economic status significantly influenced the prevalence of VAD. Children from lower-income families and those with limited access to nutritious foods were at a higher risk.  Conclusion The findings suggest a declining trend in Vitamin A deficiency, with a milder form of Xerophthalmia and a 2.1% prevalence of Bitot's spots among children under six years old. The higher prevalence of Xerophthalmia in older children highlights the need to strengthen Vitamin A prophylaxis programs and promote health education to improve dietary diversity. It is essential to ensure the inclusion of vegetables and fruits in children's diets to maintain better Vitamin A status across all age groups.