The Mechanism of Protection by the Deactivating Effect

Abstract

Abstract In order to better understand the complex phenomena related to aging, the two following propositions should be considered : (a) Each type of vulcanizate has a particular type of network structure, with characteristics dependent on the number and nature of the crosslinks between the macromolecules. Thermo-oxidative degradation may have varying effects according to the network points which are preferentially attacked. (b) The protection at present employed against the consequences of this degradation is based upon two different mechanisms, i.e., through the antioxidant effect, which retards the scission reaction, or through the deactivating effect, which helps to maintain the network by forming additional crosslinks. If we also take into account the fact that each accelerator is able, as is the deactivator, to create specific new bonds by after-cure, we may suggest an explanation for some unexplained aspects of the related phenomena. From our results and the derived deductions ideas emerge, from which it should be possible to establish, by logic (instead of empirically) and by adaptation to each type of vulcanizate, some rules for the best protection with the present-known protective agents. It should be noted that all preceding observations refer exclusively to the most widely used industrial practice, sulfur curing. However, the knowledge we now have of the deactivating effect mechanism has led us to think that it should also be possible, for vulcanizates produced with other vulcanizing agents, to find substances which will play the same part as our present deactivators, although of a totally different chemical composition. As a matter of fact, the so-called deactivators are but slow-acting crosslinking agents, the new crosslinks resulting from either a mobilization of the unused vulcanizing agent in the vulcanizate or from a direct intervention of the deactivator. We therefore doubt whether their name, derived from the first, and inexact, explanation given for their action, is still justified. However, to change it we should have to evoke an after-crosslinking, a source of confusion with other current terms ; moreover, a number of other wrong terms have been confirmed by use, for instance, the English “antioxidant”. As these deactivators make degradation less active, their original name is perhaps not so inappropriate after all.