Integrating Anatomical, Molecular and Clinical Risk Factors in Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor of the Stomach

Abstract

Abstract Background Adjuvant imatinib for 3 years is recommended to patients with high-risk gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST). Risk stratification is inaccurate, and risk assessments are further complicated by the increased use of neoadjuvant treatment. Anatomical criteria for prognostication have not been investigated. Methods Clinical, molecular, and anatomical variables were retrospectively studied in a population-based cohort of 295 patients with gastric GIST resected between 2000 and 2018. Gastric subsite was divided into the upper, middle, and lower thirds. Growth pattern was classified as luminal, exophytic, or transmural based on imaging and surgical reports. Results Of 113 tumors in the upper third of the stomach, 103 (91.2%) were KIT mutated, 7 (6.2%) were PDGFRA mutated, and 104 (92.0%) harbored genotypes sensitive to imatinib. Transmural tumors were strongly associated with a high mitotic index. Five-year recurrence-free survival (RFS) was 71% for patients with transmural tumors versus 96% with luminal or exophytic tumors (hazard ratio [HR] 8.45, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.69–19.36; p < 0.001), and, in high-risk patients, 5-year RFS was 46% for patients with transmural tumors versus 83% with luminal or exophytic tumors (HR 4.47, 95% CI 1.71–11.66; p = 0.001). Among 134 patients with tumors > 5 cm, there were 29 recurrences. Only five patients with exophytic or luminal tumors had recurrent disease, of whom four had tumor rupture. Five-year RFS for patients with exophytic/luminal tumors >5 cm without rupture was 98%. Conclusions In the upper third, over 90% of tumors were sensitive to imatinib. Patients with exophytic or luminal tumors without rupture, irrespective of size, had an excellent prognosis and may not benefit from adjuvant therapy.