Fatigue Alleviation by Low-Level Laser Preexposure in Ischemic Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation

Abstract

ABSTRACT Purpose Despite its susceptibility to muscle fatigue, combined neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) and blood flow restriction (BFR) are effective regimens for managing muscle atrophy when traditional resistance exercises are not feasible. This study investigated the potential of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) in reducing muscle fatigue after the application of combined NMES and BFR. Methods Thirty-six healthy adults were divided into control and LLLT groups. The LLLT group received 60 J of 850-nm wavelength LLLT before a training program of combined NMES and BFR of the nondominant extensor carpi radialis longus (ECRL). The control group followed the same protocol but received sham laser therapy. Assessments included maximal voluntary contraction, ECRL mechanical properties, and isometric force tracking for wrist extension. Results The LLLT group exhibited a smaller normalized difference in maximal voluntary contraction decrement (−4.01 ± 4.88%) than the control group (−23.85 ± 7.12%) (P < 0.001). The LLLT group demonstrated a smaller decrease in muscle stiffness of the ECRL compared with the control group, characterized by the smaller normalized changes in frequency (P = 0.002), stiffness (P = 0.002), and relaxation measures (P = 0.011) of mechanical oscillation waves. Unlike the control group, the LLLT group exhibited a smaller posttest increase in force fluctuations during force tracking (P = 0.014), linked to the predominant recruitment of low-threshold MU (P < 0.001) without fatigue-related increases in the discharge variability of high-threshold MU (P > 0.05). Conclusions LLLT preexposure reduces fatigue after combined NMES and BFR, preserving force generation, muscle stiffness, and force scaling. The functional benefits are achieved through fatigue-resistant activation strategies of motor unit recruitment and rate coding.