Vaccination Schedules

Abstract

First vaccines and vaccination schedules were based on “trial and error” and on immunogenicity data (serology). Latest since the 1990s, vaccination schedules are based on well-defined phase 1–3 development programs as basis for licensure of any new product. Vaccination schedules must bear in mind the epidemiology of the targeted disease; the biology of available vaccine product(s); local opportunities to vaccinate; monitoring for the desired outcome. There are 4 basic primary vaccination schedules for children, based on historical development and local needs. Birth doses are recommended with BCG and hepatitis B vaccine. Dosing in the 2nd year of life is usually needed for long term-protection induced by polysaccharide-conjugate vaccines. Live vaccines (MMR, VZV) are usually given as of 9 months of age – later dosing may induce improved immune responses; a second dose is needed before school entry for optimal protection. In addition to “general regular schedules” vaccines and schedules emerge for pregnant women, international travelers, persons above 60 or 65 years, immunocompromised hosts.