Brief history of high-throughput nucleic acid sequencing methods.

Abstract

The processes occurring during the enzymatic growth of the DNA chain in the form of elongation of the molecules, the release of pyrophosphate, proton, thermal energy, and an increase in electrical impedance, which are used in various methods of high-throughput DNA sequencing by synthesis, are briefly considered. The detection of DNA chain growth is controlled by high-voltage gel electrophoresis and has limited scalability. As for mentioned above other by-products of DNA chain polymerization, their detection can be easily scalable, which has led to the emergence of methods for whole genome sequencing of new generations of DNA, which have received the widely used abbreviation NGS - Next Generation Sequencing. However, the attribution of any new sequencing method to a particular generation is sometimes difficult due to the fact that the principle used in it was born earlier than the other one was implemented, which turned out to be less productive in the end. In addition, it is more important to distinguish the methods of new DNA sequencing into two groups in which the massive parallel sequencing of identical matrices takes place or the sequencing of single DNA molecules takes place and last one have received the designation monomolecular sequencing. In this review, along with the classical Sanger method of DNA sequencing, which is still the "gold standard", pyrosequencing, semiconductor sequencing, thermosequencing, electronic sequencing, fluorescent bridge sequencing and sequencing using nanoballs from the first group, as well as monomolecular methods – tSMS sequencing, SMRT sequencing and nanopore sequencing are considered. Attention is paid to the costs of DNA sequencing and the prospects for its development.