Bacillus licheniformis Jrh14‐10 enhances alkaline tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana by regulating crosstalk between ethylene and polyamine pathways

Abstract

AbstractPlant growth‐promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are known for their role in ameliorating plant stress, including alkaline stress, yet the mechanisms involved are not fully understood. This study investigates the impact of various inoculum doses of Bacillus licheniformis Jrh14‐10 on Arabidopsis growth under alkaline stress and explores the underlying mechanisms of tolerance enhancement. We found that all tested doses improved the growth of NaHCO3‐treated seedlings, with 109 cfu/mL being the most effective. Transcriptome analysis indicated downregulation of ethylene‐related genes and an upregulation of polyamine biosynthesis genes following Jrh14‐10 treatment under alkaline conditions. Further qRT‐PCR analysis confirmed the suppression of ethylene biosynthesis and signaling genes, alongside the activation of polyamine biosynthesis genes in NaHCO3‐stressed seedlings treated with Jrh14‐10. Genetic analysis showed that ethylene signaling‐deficient mutants (etr1‐3 and ein3‐1) exhibited greater tolerance to NaHCO3 than the wild type, and the growth‐promoting effect of Jrh14‐10 was significantly diminished in these mutants. Additionally, Jrh14‐10 was found unable to produce 1‐aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboxylic acid (ACC) deaminase, indicating it does not reduce the ethylene precursor ACC in Arabidopsis. However, Jrh14‐10 treatment increased the levels of polyamines (putrescine, spermidine, and spermine) in stressed seedlings, with spermidine particularly effective in reducing H2O2 levels and enhancing Fv/Fm under NaHCO3 stress. These findings reveal a novel mechanism of PGPR‐induced alkaline tolerance, highlighting the crosstalk between ethylene and polyamine pathways, and suggest a strategic redirection of S‐adenosylmethionine towards polyamine biosynthesis to combat alkaline stress.