Isoform‐specific modification of apolipoprotein E by 4‐hydroxynonenal: protective role of apolipoprotein E3 against oxidative species

Abstract

High levels of 4‐hydroxynonenal (HNE), arising from lipid peroxidation, and HNE‐modified proteins have been identified in postmortem brains of ageing and Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. The goal of this study is to understand the effect of HNE modification on the structure and function of recombinant apolipoprotein E3 (apoE3) and apolipoprotein E4 (apoE4), which play a critical role in brain cholesterol homeostasis. The two isoforms differ in a single amino acid at position 112: Cys in apoE3 and Arg in apoE4. Immunoblot with HNE‐specific antibody indicates HNE modification of apoE3 and apoE4 with a major band at ~ 36 kDa, while LC–MS/MS revealed Michael addition at His140 (60–70% abundance) and His299 (3–5% abundance) in apoE3 and apoE4, and Cys112 adduct in apoE3 (75% abundance). Circular dichroism spectroscopy revealed no major differences in the overall secondary structure or helical content between unmodified and HNE‐modified apoE. HNE modification did not affect their ability to promote cholesterol efflux from J774.1 macrophages. However, it led to a 3‐fold decrease in their ability to bind lipids and 25–50% decrease in the ability of cerebral cortex endothelial cells to uptake lipoproteins bearing HNE‐modified HNE‐apoE3 or HNE‐apoE4 as noted by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. Taken together, the data indicate that HNE modification impairs lipid binding and cellular uptake of both isoforms, and that apoE3, bearing a Cys, offers a protective role by sequestering lipid peroxidation products that would otherwise cause indiscriminate damage to biomolecules. ApoE4, lacking Cys, is unable to protect against oxidative damage that is commensurate with ageing.