1. *I thank Toni Erskine, Joy Gordon, C.S. Manegold, David Mayers and Richard Price for thoughtful comments, Tracy Isaacs and Dave Estlund for sharing unpublished work, and Anthony Dworkin, Steven Ratner and David Wippman for suggestions regarding international law. A longer version of this paper was presented at the CERI Symposium on The Ethics of War and the Fight against Terrorism: Democracies Put to the Test, Centre d?Etudes et de Recherches Internationales, Sciences Po, Paris, France 12-13 October 2006.
2. 1Ellen Knickmeyer, "In Haditha, Memories of a Massacre,"The Washington Post, May 27, 2006, p. A1.
3. 2Michael Walzer,Just and Unjust Wars:A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations(New York: Basic Books, 1977), p. 314.
4. 3Armed Forces Press Service, "Coalition, Iraqi Forces Detain Terrorists; Iraqis killed in IED Attack,"Armed Forces Information Service, November 29, 2006; available at http://www.defenselink.mil/news/NewsArticle.aspx?ID=2247 (accessed January 22, 2007).
5. 4Ibid.