Multiple myeloma cell‐derived exosomes promote favorable tumor functional performance by polarizing macrophages toward M2‐like cells

Abstract

It has long been hypothesized that leukemic cells are able to modulate the fate of resident cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) toward either supporting or immunosuppressive cells for the development of tumors. Exosomes can be a potential culprit in imposing tumor desire. There is evidence about the impact of tumor‐derived exosomes on different immune cells in different malignancies. However, findings about macrophages are contradictory. Here, we evaluated the potential influence of multiple myeloma (MM)‐cell‐derived exosomes on the polarization of macrophages by examining hallmarks of M1 and M2 macrophages. After treatment of M0 macrophages with isolated exosomes (from U266B1), gene expression (Arg‐1, IL‐10, TNF‐α and IL‐6), immunophenotyping markers (CD206), cytokine secretion (IL‐10 and IL‐6), nitric oxide (NO) production, and redox potentiality of target cells were assessed. Our results revealed significantly increased expression of the genes involved in the development of M2‐like cells but not M1 cells. The CD 206 marker and IL‐10 protein levels were significantly increased at different time points. The expression of IL‐6 mRNA and IL‐6 protein secretion did not change significantly. MM‐cell‐derived exosomes induced significant changes in NO production and intracellular ROS levels in M0 cells.