1. 1. J. Vance , The Merchant's World: The Geography of Wholesaling (Englewood Cliffs, nj: Prentice-Hall Inc., 1970 ), p.167 . The problem of confidentiality is common to manufacturing and all businesses. Because wholesaling serves other entrepreneurs directly, however, it is especially difficult to elicit information; competition and narrow profit margins mean that information is tightly guarded. (Net operating profit for incorporated wholesale businesses in Canada was 5 per cent in 1971;Wholesale Trade Census 97-721, 8 (8-1), (1971),Census of Canada.) Vance also claims that the inability of Christaller's central place theory to explain wholesaling underlies its lack of treatment by geographers, although attempts have been made to analyse wholesale marketing structures in the context of central place hierarchies. See L.E. Goss, ‘Wholesale Trade in New England: A Study of a Central Place Function,’unpublished PhD. thesis , University of Washington (1970), and W.A. Rabiega and L.R. Lamoureux ‘Wholesaling hierarchies: a Florida case study,’Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, 64(1973), pp.167 -30 . Vance commented on this paper in the same isssue (pp. 231-6) and the rejoinder was printed in vol. 66 (1975), pp.167 -30 .
2. 2. SeeP.C. Simons , Sydney's Wholesale District (Sydney: University of Sydney and The Geographical Society of New South Wales, Research Paper No. 10, 1966), p. 24; and D. Kerr, ‘Wholesale trade on the Canadian prairies in the late nineteenth century: Winnipeg and its competition,’ in H. Palmer (ed.), The Settlement of the West (Calgary: University of Calgary, 1977), pp. 130-52. Two early exceptions were E.H. Lewis, ‘Wholesale market patterns,’ Journal of Marketing 12 (1948), pp. 317-26, and N.A. Miller, ‘Wholesale centers and marketing areas in the United States,’ Journal of Marketing, 14 (1949), pp. 157-68.
3. The Influence of Corporate Organization and Ownership on the Linkages of Industrial Plants: A Canadian Enquiry
4. A HYPOTHESIS ABOUT GATEWAY CITIES
5. 5. Burghardt , op. cit., p.273 .