Causal factors and time in formation of areas of endemism for land planarians in the Atlantic Forest

Author:

Lago‐Barcia Domingo12,Conti Luis Americo3,Solà Eduard45,Carbayo Fernando12,DaSilva Marcio Bernardino6

Affiliation:

1. Laboratório de Ecologia e Evolução, Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades (EACH) Universidade de São Paulo (USP) São Paulo SP Brazil

2. Departamento de Zoologia Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo (USP) São Paulo SP Brazil

3. Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades (EACH) Universidade de São Paulo (USP) São Paulo SP Brazil

4. Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (IBE), CSIC, Universitat Pompeu Fabra Barcelona Catalonia Spain

5. Departament de Genètica Microbiologia i Estadística, and Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona (UB) Barcelona Catalonia Spain

6. Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, CCEN Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Cidade Universitária João Pessoa PB Brazil

Abstract

AbstractHere, we discovered areas of endemism (AoE) for land planarians (Geoplaninae) and tested the influence of the past climate in the formation of AoEs in the southeastern AF in Brazil.LocationSoutheastern Atlantic Forest, Brazil.Materials and MethodsWe used 1888 records of 371 species in Endemicity Analysis and Geographic Interpolation of Endemism to uncover AoEs. We also carried out a species distribution modelling (SDM) of three genera to see the suitability regions where they were distributed during Mid‐Pliocene, Last Interglacial Maximum, Last Glacial Maximum and present time. Finally, we inferred a molecular phylogeny of Geoplaninae aiming to estimate divergence times of the taxa to test the relative influence of more recent climatic fluctuations in the speciations.ResultsWe delimited 15 robust AoEs. SDM corroborates past climate altered some genera distribution. However, results of the phylogenetic analysis resulted in time estimation older than Pleistocene climatic fluctuations for more recent speciations. These endemic patterns could be explained through processes of reduction and expansion of suitability areas but in older times as generally reported in the literature. Geological events that formed mountains, sedimentary basins and major rivers are integrated with climate to explain high endemism and diversification.Main ConclusionsPlanarians have shown to be an optimal model for fine‐scale studies of AoE and diversification in AF. Pleistocene climatic fluctuations seem to have not been responsible for their diversification, but older climatic changes with geological events seem to have influenced their speciations and the present‐day high levels of endemism. In the future, robust phylogenies with more comprehensive sampling integrated with palaeoecological models will help to understand the diversification of the AF.

Funder

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo

Publisher

Wiley

Reference84 articles.

1. Consensus in the search for areas of endemism;Aagesen L.;Journal of Biogeography,2013

2. Convergent evolution: A new subfamily for bipaliin‐like Chilean land planarians (Platyhelminthes);Almeida A. L.;Zoologica Scripta,2021

3. Land planarians (Platyhelminthes) as a model organism for fine‐scale phylogeographic studies: Understanding patterns of biodiversity in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest hotspot;Álvarez‐Presas M.;Journal of Evolutionary Biology,2011

4. Insights into the origin and distribution of biodiversity in the Brazilian Atlantic forest hot spot: a statistical phylogeographic study using a low-dispersal organism

5. The "Atlantis Forest hypothesis" does not explain Atlantic Forest phylogeography;Amaral F. R.;Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2016

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