Hypoxia‐related carbonic anhydrase 9 induces serpinB9 expression in cancer cells and apoptosis in T cells via acidosis

Author:

Harada Mamoru1ORCID,Kotani Hitoshi1,Iida Yuichi1,Tanino Ryosuke2ORCID,Minami Takafumi3,Komohara Yoshihiro4ORCID,Yoshikawa Kazuhiro5,Uemura Hirotsugu3ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Department of Immunology Shimane University Faculty of Medicine Shimane Japan

2. Division of Medical Oncology & Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine Shimane University Faculty of Medicine Shimane Japan

3. Department of Urology Kindai University Faculty of Medicine Osaka Japan

4. Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Science Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan

5. Research Creation Support Center Aichi Medical University Aichi Japan

Abstract

AbstractHypoxia is a common feature of solid tumors. However, the impact of hypoxia on immune cells within tumor environments remains underexplored. Carbonic anhydrase 9 (CA9) is a hypoxia‐responsive tumor‐associated enzyme. We previously noted that regardless of human CA9 (hCA9) expression, hCA9‐expressing mouse renal cell carcinoma RENCA (RENCA/hCA9) presented as a “cold” tumor in syngeneic aged mice. This study delves into the mechanisms behind this observation. Gene microarray analyses showed that RENCA/hCA9 cells exhibited elevated mouse serpinB9, an inhibitor of granzyme B, relative to RENCA cells. Corroborating this, RENCA/hCA9 cells displayed heightened resistance to antigen‐specific cytotoxic T cells compared with RENCA cells. Notably, siRNA‐mediated serpinB9 knockdown reclaimed this sensitivity. In vivo tests showed that serpinB9 inhibitor administration slowed RENCA tumor growth, but this effect was reduced in RENCA/hCA9 tumors, even with adjunctive immune checkpoint blockade therapy. Further, inducing hypoxia or introducing the mouse CA9 gene upregulated serpinB9 expression, and siRNA‐mediated knockdown of the mouse CA9 gene inhibited the hypoxia‐induced induction of serpinB9 in the original RENCA cells. Supernatants from RENCA/hCA9 cultures had lower pH than those from RENCA, suggesting acidosis. This acidity enhanced serpinB9 expression and T cell apoptosis. Moreover, coculturing with RENCA/hCA9 cells more actively prompted T cell apoptosis than with RENCA cells. Collectively, these findings suggest hypoxia‐associated CA9 not only boosts serpinB9 in cancer cells but also synergistically intensifies T cell apoptosis via acidosis, characterizing RENCA/hCA9 tumors as “cold.”

Publisher

Wiley

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