1. Keele Cardiovascular Research Group Keele University Stoke‐on‐Trent UK
2. Department of Cardiology Royal Stoke University Hospital Stoke‐on‐Trent UK
3. Division of Cardiology Department of Medicine Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore MD USA
4. Department of Medicine West Virginia University Morgantown WV USA
5. Division of Cardiology Department of Medicine Loma Linda University Medical Center Loma Linda CA USA
6. School of Medicine University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA USA
7. Division of Cardiology Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA
8. Department of Medicine McMaster University Hamilton ON Canada
9. Population Health Research Institute Hamilton ON Canada