Phenotypic switching prevention and proliferation/migration inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cells by the ruthenium nitrosyl complex trans-[Ru(NO)Cl(cyclam](PF6)2

Abstract

Abstract Objectives Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) migration and proliferation at sites of vascular injury are both critical steps in the development of intimal hyperplasia (IH). Local delivery of nitric oxide (NO) largely prevents these events. Among the NO donors, tetraazamacrocyclic nitrosyl complexes, such as trans-[Ru(NO)Cl(cyclam)](PF6)2 (cyclamNO), gained attention for their features, which include the possibility of being embedded in solid matrices, and ability to participate in a nitrite/NO catalytic conversion cycle. Methods Methods used to evaluate cyclamNO activity: safety margin by NR and MTT; cell proliferation by 3H-thymidine incorporation and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression; antimigratory properties by transwell and wound healing; prevention of cell phenotypic switching under platelet-derived growth factor type BB (PDGF-BB) stimuli by analysis of alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression. Key findings Cell proliferation and migration induced by PDGF-BB were significantly inhibited by cyclamNO. The ~60% reduction on expression of contractile protein α-SMA induced by PDGF-BB revealed VSMC phenotypic switching which is significantly prevented by cyclamNO. Compared to the NO donor sodium nitroprusside, cyclamNO showed to be significantly less cytotoxic. Conclusions With great potential to maintain VSMC functionality and prevent IH-associated events, cyclamNO might be a promissory drug for several applications in cardiovascular medicine, as in stents.