Advanced glycated end‐products inhibit dilation through constitutive endothelial RAGE and Nox1/4 in rat isolated skeletal muscle arteries

Abstract

AbstractObjectiveThis study investigated the actions of advanced glycated end‐products (AGE), their receptors (RAGE), and NAD(P)H oxidase (Nox) subtypes 1, 2, and 4 on mechanisms of endothelium‐dependent dilation of the rat cremaster muscle artery (CMA).MethodsImmunofluorescence studies were used to examine expression of RAGE in rat arteries. ROS accumulation was measured using luminescence and fluorescence assays. Functional studies were performed using pressure myography.ResultsHigh levels of RAGE expression were shown in the endothelial cells of the CMA, compared with low endothelial expression in middle cerebral and mesenteric arteries and the aorta. Exogenous AGE (in vitro glycated bovine serum albumin) stimulated H2O2 accumulation in CMA, which was prevented by the RAGE antagonist FPS‐ZM1, the NAD(P)H oxidase (Nox) inhibitor apocynin and inhibited by the Nox1/4 inhibitor setanaxib, but not the Nox2 inhibitor GSK2795039. In functional studies, AGE inhibited vasodilation of CMA stimulated by acetylcholine, sodium nitroprusside, and the BKCa activator NS1619, but not adenosine‐induced dilation. FPS‐ZM1, apocynin, and setanaxib prevented the inhibitory effects of AGE on responses to acetylcholine and NS‐1619.ConclusionThese observations suggest RAGE are constitutively expressed in the endothelium of the rat CMA and may be activated by AGE to stimulate Nox1/4 and ROS formation with resulting inhibition of NO and BKCa‐mediated endothelium‐dependent dilation.