1. Wasby, supra note 33, at 144–46. On the issue in the nineteenth century see Hall, supra note 2, at 348–50; and id., Constitutional Machinery and Judicial Selection: The Social Origins and Careers of Midwestern State Appellate Court Judges, 1861–1899, in Gerard W. Gawalt, ed., The New High Priests: Bench and Bar at the Turn of the Century (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, forthcoming 1984).
2. Winters, supra note 40.
3. Baldwin, supra note 8, at 331–34.
4. Ohio Const. of 1851, art. 5, § 7.
5. States did select different internal formats for the new Australian ballot. Some states, including California and Tennessee, adopted the office-bloc or “blanket ballot” format that listed candidates names under specific offices without regard to party affiliation. Other states, including Ohio and Texas, adopted the party-column format, which resembled a consolidation of the old party-strips placed side by side on the same sheet. See ch. 188, 1889 Tenn. Acts; 1891 Cal. Laws 165; 1891 Ohio Laws 458; ch. 11, 190s Tex. Laws.