Gene flow throughout the evolutionary history of a colour polymorphic and generalist clownfish

Author:

Schmid Sarah1ORCID,Bachmann Salvy Marianne1,Garcia Jimenez Alberto1,Bertrand Joris A. M.1ORCID,Cortesi Fabio23ORCID,Heim Sara1,Huyghe Filip4,Litsios Glenn1,Marcionetti Anna1ORCID,O'Donnell James L.5,Riginos Cynthia3ORCID,Tettamanti Valerio2ORCID,Salamin Nicolas1

Affiliation:

1. Department of Computational Biology University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland

2. Queensland Brain Institute, the University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia

3. School of the Environment The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia

4. Marine Biology Laboratory, Department of Ecology and Biodiversity Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussel Belgium

5. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Santa Cruz Santa Cruz California USA

Abstract

AbstractEven seemingly homogeneous on the surface, the oceans display high environmental heterogeneity across space and time. Indeed, different soft barriers structure the marine environment, which offers an appealing opportunity to study various evolutionary processes such as population differentiation and speciation. Here, we focus on Amphiprion clarkii (Actinopterygii; Perciformes), the most widespread of clownfishes that exhibits the highest colour polymorphism. Clownfishes can only disperse during a short pelagic larval phase before their sedentary adult lifestyle, which might limit connectivity among populations, thus facilitating speciation events. Consequently, the taxonomic status of A. clarkii has been under debate. We used whole‐genome resequencing data of 67 A. clarkii specimens spread across the Indian and Pacific Oceans to characterize the species' population structure, demographic history and colour polymorphism. We found that A. clarkii spread from the Indo‐Pacific Ocean to the Pacific and Indian Oceans following a stepping‐stone dispersal and that gene flow was pervasive throughout its demographic history. Interestingly, colour patterns differed noticeably among the Indonesian populations and the two populations at the extreme of the sampling distribution (i.e. Maldives and New Caledonia), which exhibited more comparable colour patterns despite their geographic and genetic distances. Our study emphasizes how whole‐genome studies can uncover the intricate evolutionary past of wide‐ranging species with diverse phenotypes, shedding light on the complex nature of the species concept paradigm.

Funder

Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung

Australian Research Council

Publisher

Wiley

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