Evaluation of upper airway characteristics in patients with and without sleep apnea using cone‐beam computed tomography and computational fluid dynamics

Abstract

AbstractObjectiveTo determine if upper airway characteristics and airway pressure change significantly between low risk, healthy non‐OSA subjects, and OSA subjects during respiration using cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging and steady‐state k‐ω model computational fluid dynamics (CFD) fluid flow simulations, respectively.Materials and MethodsCBCT scans were collected at both end‐inhalation and end‐exhalation for 16 low‐risk non‐OSA subjects and compared to existing CBCT data from 7 OSA subjects. The CBCT images were imported into Dolphin Imaging and the upper airway was segmented into stereolithography (STL) files for area and volumetric measurements. Subject models that met pre‐processing criteria underwent CFD simulations using ANSYS Fluent Meshing (Canonsburg, PA) in which unstructured mesh models were generated to solve the standard dual equation turbulence model (k‐ω). Objective and supplemental descriptive measures were obtained and statistical analyses were performed with both parametric and non‐parametric tests to evaluate statistical significance at P < .05.ResultsRegarding area and volumetric assessments, there were statistically significant mean differences in Total Volume and Minimum CSA between non‐OSA and OSA groups at inhalation and exhalation (P = .002, .003, .004, and .007), respectively. There were also statistically significant mean differences in volume and min CSA between the inhalation and exhalation for the non‐OSA group (P < .001 and .002), respectively.ConclusionWhile analysis of the CFD simulation was limited by the collected data available, a finding consistent with published literature was that the OSA subject group simulation models depicted the point of lowest pressure coinciding with the area of maximum constriction.