1. Université Côte d ′ Azur, CNRS, GREDEG; France and OFCE Sciences Po; France
2. Fields Endowed Chair in Urban and Regional Economics; McCoy College of Business Administration; Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas 78666 USA
3. Université de Lyon, Lyon, F-69007, France; CNRS, GATE Lyon Saint-Etienne, Ecully, F-69130; France; Université Jean Monnet, Saint-Etienne, F-42000; France