Impact of metabolic unhealthiness and its changes on the risk of erosive esophagitis: a cohort study

Abstract

AbstractBackground and AimWe aimed to compare the risk of erosive esophagitis (EE) among individuals with different phenotypes based on metabolic health status and obesity and investigate the role of changes in metabolic health in EE risk.MethodsA cohort of 258 892 asymptomatic adults without EE at baseline who underwent ollow‐up esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) were categorized into the following four groups according to metabolic health and obesity status: (i) metabolically healthy (MH) non‐obese; (ii) metabolically unhealthy (MU) non‐obese; (iii) MH obese; and (iv) MU obese. EE was defined as the presence of grade A or higher mucosal breaks on EGD.ResultsDuring a median follow‐up of 4.5 years, the incidence rates of EE were 0.6/103 person‐years (PY), 1.7/103 PY, 1.7/103 PY, and 3.1/103 PY in the MH non‐obese, MU non‐obese, MH obese, and MU obese groups, respectively. The multivariable‐adjusted hazard ratio (HR) (95% confidence intervals [CI]) for developing EE comparing the MH obese, MU non‐obese, and MU obese groups with the MH non‐obese group were 1.49 (1.29–1.71), 1.56 (1.25–1.94), and 2.18 (1.90–2.49), respectively. The multivariable‐adjusted HR (95% CI) comparing the progression of MH to MU, regression of MU to MH, and persistent MU with the persistent MH group were 1.39 (1.10–1.76), 1.39 (1.09–1.77), and 1.86 (1.56–2.21), respectively. The increased risk of EE among the persistent MU group was consistently observed in individuals without obesity or abdominal obesity.ConclusionMetabolic unhealthiness and obesity were independent risk factors for the development of EE, suggesting that maintaining both normal weight and metabolic health may help reduce the risk of EE.