1. This essay is based on material from my book manuscript, ?Men's Work and the Woman Question: The Transformation of Gender and Work in the Printing Industry, 1830-1920.? Many thanks to Nancy Hewitt, Leonore Davidoff, Keith McClelland, Richard Butsch and Sonya Rose for comments and encouragement. I am grateful to Joan Scott whose comments on my earlier work led me to study how language illuminates the dynamics of gender.
2. 1. George A. Stevens, and Abbott Edith , New York Typographical Union No. 6: Study of a Modern Trade Union and its Predecessors . New York State Department of Labor, New York Typographical Union No. 6: Study of a Modern Trade Union and its Predecessors , 1911 (J. B. Lyon, Albany, 1911 ), p.421 ; New York Typographical Union No. 6: Study of a Modern Trade Union and its Predecessors (D. Appleton & Co., NY, 1911 ), p.421 .