1. The term 'Europe' is considered here and throughout the contribution under its legal meaning, not geographical. It encompasses both the European Union and its Member States.
2. B. Marechal,L'islam et les musulmans dans l'Europe elargie: Radioscopie-A guidebook on Islam and Muslims in the wider contemporary Europe(Academia Bruylant, 2002), p. 175.
3. .
4. M. Zemni, 'Islam, European identity and the limits of multiculturalism', in W. Shadid and P. S. Van Koningsveld (eds),Religious freedom and the Neutrality of the State. The position of Islam in the European Union(Peeters, 2002), p. 158.
5. Zemni,op. cit. note 4supra, p. 161.