1. 1. Alan H. Goldman (1980 ) The Moral Foundations of Professional Ethics (Totawa, Rowman & Littlefield). I came across this book only when I was writing the last draft of this essay. Nevertheless, and although it says almost nothing about academic ethics, it greatly helped me in the final shaping.
2. 2. See the first chapter of Goldman's book and my The Perfectibility of Man, especially chapters XIII, XIV (London, Duckworth; New York, Scribner, 2nd edn, 1970).
3. 4. Vladimir Lenin (1920 ) Left-wing Communism, VI andThe Task of the Youth Leaguesin a slightly different translation inCollected Works(Moscow, 1966) vols 31, 55 and 293.
4. 5. I look at this issue a little further in Science and its Critics, pp. 98 -100 (Rutgers, New Jersey; London, Duckworth, 1978 ).