1. Operations, Information and Decisions Department The Wharton School University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
2. Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
3. Health Care Management Department The Wharton School University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
4. Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
5. Independence Blue Cross Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
6. Department of Emergency Medicine Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
7. Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
8. Department of Population Health Sciences Weill Cornell Medical College New York New York USA