Affiliation:
1. College of Nursing Seoul National University Seoul Republic of Korea
2. School of Nursing University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison Wisconsin USA
3. College of Nursing, The Research Institute of Nursing Science Seoul National University Seoul Republic of Korea
Abstract
AbstractIntroductionWith the prolongation of the COVID‐19 pandemic, more individuals are experiencing sequelae after COVID‐19 infection, also known as post‐acute COVID‐19 syndrome (PCS). The aims of this study were to describe the prevalence and characteristics of PCS symptoms such as fatigue, anxiety, and depression and to compare these symptoms according to participant characteristics in patients who had been previously hospitalized due to COVID‐19.DesignA descriptive cross‐sectional study design was used.MethodsWe included 114 individuals who had been hospitalized for COVID‐19 and were discharged from the hospital at least 4 weeks before. Symptoms were assessed using the Fatigue Severity Scale, the Hospital Anxiety‐Depression Scale, and the PCS symptom questionnaire developed by the authors. We used descriptive statistics, the Student's t‐test, the Wilcoxon rank‐sum test, and the Kruskal–Wallis test for statistical analyses.ResultsThe most prevalent symptoms were anxiety (66.7%), fatigue (64.0%), headache (57.9%), and concentration or memory difficulties (57.9%). Concentration or memory difficulties and sleep disturbances had the highest mean frequency. Concentration or memory difficulties were rated with the highest mean severity, and cough, loss of taste, and muscle and joint pain had the highest mean distress scores. Female participants, individuals hospitalized for more than 2 weeks, individuals discharged more than 9 months ago, unvaccinated patients, and those who tried at least one symptom relief method reported higher symptom distress.ConclusionThe findings of this investigation into the frequency, severity, and distress of symptoms shed light on the identification of post‐COVID symptoms in detail. To objectively evaluate and comprehend the symptom trajectories of PCS, prospective studies about the development of symptom assessment tools and studies with a longitudinal design should be conducted.Clinical RelevanceA substantial number of respondents reported numerous symptoms and expressed symptom distress; therefore, the development of nursing interventions and treatments to alleviate PCS symptoms is crucial.