The effect of the simulated aging by thermocycling on the elastic modulus of ethylene‐vinyl acetate brands and stress/strain development during an impact: An in vitro and 3D‐FEA analysis

Abstract

AbstractBackground/AimMouthguards are used to prevent dental trauma and orofacial injuries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of ethylene‐vinyl acetate (EVA) aging by thermocycling on elastic modulus, stress, strain and shock absorption ability of different ethylene‐vinyl acetate brands used for mouthguards.MethodsThirty EVA samples with a dimension of 70 × 10 × 3 mm were obtained from four commercial brands (Bioart®, Erkodent®, Polyshok® and Proform®). Fifteen samples were submitted to 10,000 cycles (5°C–55°C) in a thermocycling machine with an immersion time of 30 s and a transfer time of 5 s. The samples were submitted to a uniaxial tensile test in a universal testing machine to calculate the elastic modulus. Data were statistically evaluated by two‐way ANOVA and Holm‐Sidak test. A three‐dimensional model of the anterior maxilla was created using Rhinoceros 5.0. A 3 mm custom‐fitted mouthguard was simulated. The three‐dimensional volumetric mesh was generated using the Patran software (MSC Software) with isoparametrics, 4‐noded tetrahedral elements and exported to Marc/Mentat (MSC Software) as element number 134. A non‐linear dynamic impact analysis was performed in which a rigid object struck the central incisor at a speed of 5 m/s. The stresses were evaluated by the modified von Mises criteria and the strains were also recorded.ResultsStatistically significant differences were observed for elastic modulus values (p < .001). Mean and standard deviation values (MPa) without thermocycling were: Bioart (34.5 ± 0.9), Erkodent (15.0 ± 0.4), Polyshok (17.3 ± 0.4), Proform: (20.6 ± 0.8); and with thermocycling: Bioart (25.4 ± 0.8), Erkodent (10.7 ± 0.5), Polyshok (13.3 ± 0.6), Proform (13.1 ± 0.6). The thermocycling process reduced stress and strain levels regardless of the mouthguard materials. Shock absorption ability calculated based on the strain values was increased with thermocycling process.ConclusionThe thermocycling process, regardless of the commercial brand, reduced the stress/strain and increased the shock absorption ability of mouthguards.