Strong habitat and seasonal phenology effects on the evolution of self‐compatibility, clonality and pollinator shifts in Lachenalia (Asparagaceae: Scilloideae)

Author:

Duncan Graham D.12ORCID,Ellis Allan G.3ORCID,Forest Félix4ORCID,Verboom G. Anthony156ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Bolus Herbarium and Department of Biological Sciences University of Cape Town 7701 Rhodes Gift South Africa

2. Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden South African National Biodiversity Institute 99 Rhodes Ave Newlands, Cape Town 7700 South Africa

3. Department of Botany and Zoology Stellenbosch University Matieland 7602 South Africa

4. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Richmond TW9 3AE Surrey UK

5. Department of Biology and Environmental Science University of Gothenburg 40530 Gothenburg Sweden

6. Gothenburg Botanical Garden (Botaniska) 41319 Gothenburg Sweden

Abstract

Summary Plants employ a diversity of reproductive safeguarding strategies to circumvent the challenge of pollen limitation. Focusing on southern African Lachenalia (Asparagaceae: Scilloideae), we test the hypothesis that the evolution of reproductive safeguarding traits (self‐compatibility, autonomous selfing, bird pollination and clonal propagation) is favoured in species occupying conditions of low insect abundance imposed by critically infertile fynbos heathland vegetation and by flowering outside the austral spring insect abundance peak. We trace the evolution of these traits and selective regimes on a dated, multi‐locus phylogeny of Lachenalia and assess their evolutionary associations using ordinary and phylogenetic regression. Ancestral state reconstructions identify an association with non‐fynbos vegetation and spring flowering as ancestral in Lachenalia, the transition to fynbos vegetation and non‐spring flowering taking place multiple times. They also show that self‐compatibility, autofertility, bird pollination and production of multiple clonal offsets have evolved repeatedly. Regression models suggest that bird pollination and self‐compatibility are selected for in fynbos and in non‐spring flowering lineages, with autofertility being positively associated with non‐spring flowering. These patterns support the interpretation of these traits as reproductive safeguarding adaptations under reduced insect pollinator abundance. We find no evidence to support the interpretation of clonal propagation as a reproductive safeguarding strategy.

Publisher

Wiley

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