The population genetics of partial diapause, with applications to the aestivating malaria mosquito Anopheles coluzzii

Author:

Mwima Rita12,Hui Tin‐Yu J.3ORCID,Kayondo Jonathan K.1,Burt Austin3

Affiliation:

1. Department of Entomology Uganda Virus Research Institute (UVRI) Entebbe Uganda

2. Department of Biotechnical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB) Makerere University Kampala Uganda

3. Department of Life Sciences Imperial College London Ascot UK

Abstract

AbstractDiapause, a form of dormancy to delay or halt the reproductive development during unfavourable seasons, has evolved in many insect species. One example is aestivation, an adult‐stage diapause enhancing malaria vectors' survival during the dry season (DS) and their re‐establishment in the next rainy season (RS). This work develops a novel genetic approach to estimate the number or proportion of individuals undergoing diapause, as well as the breeding sizes of the two seasons, using signals from temporal allele frequency dynamics. Our modelling shows the magnitude of drift is dampened at early RS when previously aestivating individuals reappear. Aestivation severely biases the temporal effective population size (), leading to overestimation of the DS breeding size by across 1 year, where is the aestivating proportion. We find sampling breeding individuals in three consecutive seasons starting from an RS is sufficient for parameter estimation, and perform extensive simulations to verify our derivations. This method does not require sampling individuals in the dormant state, the biggest challenge in most studies. We illustrate the method by applying it to a published data set for Anopheles coluzzii mosquitoes from Thierola, Mali. Our method and the expected evolutionary implications are applicable to any species in which a fraction of the population diapauses for more than one generation, and are difficult or impossible to sample during that stage.

Funder

Wellcome Trust

Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation

Publisher

Wiley

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