Affiliation:
1. Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación Universidad Rey Juan Carlos Madrid Spain
2. School of Science and Technology Nottingham Trent University Nottingham UK
3. Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals (BEECA) Universitat de Barcelona (UB) Barcelona Spain
4. Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability Parma University Parma Italy
5. Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) Leioa Spain
6. French National Institute for Agriculture, Food, and the Environment, UR‐RiverLy, Centre de Lyon‐Villeurbanne Centre Lyon‐Grenoble Auvergne‐Rhône‐Alpes Villeurbanne CEDEX France
7. Centre d'Estudis Avançats de Blanes (CEAB‐CSIC) Blanes Spain
8. Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE), CSIC Zaragoza Spain
9. Department of Applied Biology Miguel Hernández University Elche Spain
Abstract
Abstract
Trait‐based approaches have received increasing interest among freshwater scientists given their capacity to predict community structure and biodiversity effects on ecosystem functioning. However, the inconsistent development and use of trait concepts and terms across freshwater scientific disciplines may have limited realisation of the potential of traits.
Here, we reviewed trait definitions and terms use to provide recommendations for their consistent application in freshwater science. To do so, we first reviewed literature to identify established trait definitions, historical and current use of trait terms and challenges restricting the application of trait‐based approaches in freshwater science. Next, we surveyed 414 freshwater researchers from 54 countries to assess variability in the current use of trait terminology in relation to respondent characteristics (i.e., professional experience, geographical region, research discipline, and focal freshwater ecosystem, biotic group, and ecosystem function).
Our literature review identified two well‐established trait definitions, which emphasise individual phenotypic characteristics that influence either eco‐evolutionary aspects (i.e., organism performance and fitness) or ecosystem dynamics and processes (i.e., responses to the environment and/or effects on ecosystem functioning). Publications used a range of trait‐related terms and their frequency of use varied among scientific fields. The term functional trait dominated fields such as biodiversity conservation, environmental sciences and ecology, plant sciences and microbiology. In contrast, the terms biological trait, functional trait, and species trait were used with similar frequencies in fields such as entomology, fisheries, marine and freshwater biology, and zoology. We also found that well‐established trait definitions are difficult to apply to freshwater unicellular organisms, colonial multicellular organisms, genomic information, and cultural traits.
Our survey revealed highly inconsistent use of trait terms among freshwater researchers. Terms including biological trait, functional trait, structural measure, and ecosystem function were commonly used to describe the same traits or functions. Variability in the use of terms was generally explained by research discipline, geographical region, and focal biotic group and ecosystem functions.
We propose making the trait concept flexible enough to be applicable to all freshwater biota and their characteristics, while keeping and integrating links to eco‐evolutionary and ecosystem aspects. Specifically, our new definition expands the established functional trait definition by considering also supra‐individual scales of trait measurement (colonial‐ or community‐mean traits), genotypic traits (e.g., functional gene markers of enzymes) and cultural traits (e.g., feeding behaviours, communication skills). To reduce terminological ambiguity, we also recommend that researchers define trait terms, prioritising the use of functional trait as an overarching term over alternative terms (e.g., biological trait), and restricting specific terms (e.g., morphological trait) to situations in which such precision is desirable. The findings of our integrative study could help to improve terminological consistency across freshwater disciplines and to better recognise the potential of traits to elucidate the mechanisms behind ecological patterns.
Funder
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
H2020 Environment
Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad
European Cooperation in Science and Technology
Eusko Jaurlaritza
Generalitat de Catalunya