Recent advances in studying brain‐behavior interactions using functional imaging: The primary startle response pathway and its affective modulation in humans

Author:

Wendt Julia1ORCID,Kuhn Manuel2ORCID,Hamm Alfons O.3ORCID,Lonsdorf Tina B.45ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Department of Biological Psychology and Affective Science University of Potsdam Bielefeld Germany

2. Center for Depression, Anxiety and Stress Research McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School Bielefeld Germany

3. Department of Physiological and Clinical Psychology/Psychotherapy University of Greifswald Bielefeld Germany

4. Institute for Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg‐Eppendorf Bielefeld Germany

5. Institute for Psychology, Biological Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience University of Bielefeld Bielefeld Germany

Abstract

AbstractThe startle response is a cross‐species defensive reflex that is considered a key tool for cross‐species translational emotion research. While the neural pathway mediating (affective) startle modulation has been extensively studied in rodents, human work on brain‐behavior interactions has lagged in the past due to technical challenges, which have only recently been overcome through non‐invasive simultaneous EMG‐fMRI assessments. We illustrate key paradigms and methodological tools for startle response assessment in rodents and humans and review evidence for primary and modulatory neural circuits underlying startle responses and their affective modulation in humans. Based on this, we suggest a refined and integrative model for primary and modulatory startle response pathways in humans concluding that there is strong evidence from human work on the neurobiological pathway underlying the primary startle response while evidence for the modulatory pathway is still sparse. In addition, we provide methodological considerations to guide future work and provide an outlook on new and exciting perspectives enabled through technical and theoretical advances outlined in this work.

Funder

Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft

Publisher

Wiley

Subject

Experimental and Cognitive Psychology,Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology,Biological Psychiatry,Cognitive Neuroscience,Developmental Neuroscience,Endocrine and Autonomic Systems,Neurology,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology,Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology,General Neuroscience

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