1. J. Whitridge Williams, Obstetrics: A Text-Book for the Use of Students and Practitioners, 5th edn., New York: Appleton, 1926, p. 254.
2. Jack A. Pritchard and Paul C. MacDonald, Williams Obstetrics, 15th edn., New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1976, p. 300.
3. Michel Foucault, The Birth of the Clinic: An Archaeology of Medical Perception, New York: Vintage Books, 1973.
4. The best overview of social childbirth can be found in Richard W. Wertz and Dorothy C. Wertz, Lying-In: A History of Childbirth in America, New York: Free Press, 1977.
5. For this history see Jane B. Donegan, Women and Men Midwives: Medicine, Morality, and Misogyny in Early America, Westport, CT: Greenview Press, 1978; Judy Barrett Litoff, American Midwives: 1860 to the Present, Westview, CT: Greenview Press, 1978; Jean Donnison, Midwives and Medical Men: History of Inter-Professional Rivalries and Women's Rights, London: Heinemann, 1977; Barbara Ehrenreich and Deirdre English, For Her Own Good: 150 Years of the Experts' Advice to Women, New York: Doubleday, 1978; Francis E. Kobrin, The American midwife controversy: A crisis in professionalization', Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 40 (1966): 350-63.