Affiliation:
1. Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Biodiversity Conservation in Karst Mountainous Areas of Southwestern China School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University Guiyang China
2. Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education) China West Normal University Nanchong China
3. Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding Chengdu China
Abstract
AbstractAimUnderstanding the ecological determinants of interspecific achromatic (light‐to‐dark) plumage variation in birds is crucial yet challenging due to the complex interplay of climatic, habitat‐related, and morphological influences. This study aimed to disentangle the effects of temperature, precipitation, habitat openness, body mass and hand‐wing index (HWI, a widely used single‐parameter proxy for the extent to which a species relies on flight) on shaping achromatic plumage variation among bird species.LocationGlobal.Time PeriodContemporary.Major Taxa StudiedBirds.MethodsBased on data from over 8000 sessile bird species globally, we employed phylogenetic linear regressions to account for achromatic plumage colour in relation to temperature, precipitation, habitat openness, body mass and HWI, while correcting for phylogenetic non‐independence between species. Furthermore, we conducted phylogenetic path analyses to decompose direct from indirect effects.ResultsWe found that temperature, precipitation, habitat openness and body mass exerted separate but interactive effects on the variation in achromatic colour across species. Species inhabiting cold, wet or densely vegetated environments were darker coloured, while smaller species were lighter. Darker plumage was more strongly related to higher precipitation in colder regions for nocturnal species. For diurnal species, darker plumage was more closely associated with higher precipitation in more open habitats, whereas lighter plumage was more linked to lower mass in denser habitats. Noteworthy was the identification of a substantial correlation between achromatic colour and HWI. Diurnal species that are more aerial were lighter. Conversely, nocturnal flyers, especially females, tended to be darker.Main ConclusionsThe findings highlight the multifaceted nature of plumage coloration evolution, with adaptations for thermal efficiency, crypsis, signalling, waterproofing or protection against bacteria. However, the variable relative importance of these factors among groups emphasizes the significance of each factor in different contexts.
Funder
Joint Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China and the Karst Science Research Center of Guizhou Province
National Natural Science Foundation of China
Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology Department
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