The MAX2‐KAI2 module promotes salicylic acid‐mediated immune responses in Arabidopsis

Author:

Zheng Xiujuan1ORCID,Liu Fangqian1,Yang Xianfeng1ORCID,Li Weiqiang2ORCID,Chen Sique1ORCID,Yue Xinwu1,Jia Qi1ORCID,Sun Xinli1ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture Fujian Agriculture & Forestry University Fuzhou 350002 China

2. Jilin Da'an Agro‐ecosystem National Observation Research Station, Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun 130102 China

Abstract

ABSTRACTArabidopsis MORE AXILLARY GROWTH2 (MAX2) is a key component in the strigolactone (SL) and karrikin (KAR) signaling pathways and regulates the degradation of SUPPRESSOR OF MAX2 1/SMAX1‐like (SMAX1/SMXL) proteins, which are transcriptional co‐repressors that regulate plant architecture, as well as abiotic and biotic stress responses. The max2 mutation reduces resistance against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst). To uncover the mechanism of MAX2‐mediated resistance, we evaluated the resistance of various SL and KAR signaling pathway mutants. The resistance of SL‐deficient mutants and of dwarf 14 (d14) was similar to that of the wild‐type, whereas the resistance of the karrikin insensitive 2 (kai2) mutant was compromised, demonstrating that the KAR signaling pathway, not the SL signaling pathway, positively regulates the immune response. We measured the resistance of smax1 and smxl mutants, as well as the double, triple, and quadruple mutants with max2, which revealed that both the smax1 mutant and smxl6/7/8 triple mutant rescue the low resistance phenotype of max2 and that SMAX1 accumulation diminishes resistance. The susceptibility of smax1D, containing a degradation‐insensitive form of SMAX1, further confirmed the SMAX1 function in the resistance. The relationship between the accumulation of SMAX1/SMXLs and disease resistance suggested that the inhibitory activity of SMAX1 to resistance requires SMXL6/7/8. Moreover, the exogenous application of KAR2 enhanced resistance against Pst, but KAR‐induced resistance depended on salicylic acid (SA) signaling. Inhibition of karrikin signaling delayed SA‐mediated defense responses and inhibited pathogen‐induced protein biosynthesis. Together, we propose that the MAX2–KAI2–SMAX1 complex regulates resistance with the assistance of SMXL6/7/8 and SA signaling and that SMAX1/SMXLs possibly form a multimeric complex with their target transcription factors to fine tune immune responses.

Publisher

Wiley

Subject

Plant Science,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology,Biochemistry

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