Explaining transgender policy change: Policy momentum in Canada and Australia

Author:

McMahon Nicole1ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Department of Political Science University of Calgary Alberta Calgary Canada

Abstract

AbstractWestern democracies are experiencing a widespread shift towards greater recognition of transgender rights in public policy, yet the timing of change differs across states. To explain this variation, I present a novel theoretical framework called “policy momentum.” Unlike existing work on policy diffusion, which typically emphasizes domestic or international processes, I theorize how the combined pressure from each level creates the conditions for policy change to occur. Empirically, I contrast the creation of national human rights policies to protect transgender individuals in Canada (2017) and Australia (2013). Using process‐tracing and within‐case analyses, and drawing on elite interviews, primary documents, and Hansard records, I demonstrate the decisive interaction of subnational legislative changes with an emerging global norm to produce transgender policy change. This paper thus contributes to our understanding of LGBTQ+ public policy while also providing a framework for explaining the conditions for cross‐national policy change more broadly.

Funder

Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada

Publisher

Wiley

Subject

Marketing,Public Administration,Sociology and Political Science

Reference64 articles.

1. Australian Human Rights Commission (AHRC). (2009).National human rights consultation: Australian human rights commission submission.

2. Allen R. &Gould I.(2009).Re: Submission to the national human rights consultation reference: Agww‐7t2349. Victorian ministerial advisory committee on gay Lesbian bisexual transgender and intersex health and wellbeing.

3. Contested norms in new-adopter states: International determinants of LGBT rights legislation

4. Process-Tracing Methods

5. Federalism and the Politics of Bottom-Up Social Policy Diffusion in the United States, Mexico, and Canada

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