Nothing lasts forever: Dominant species decline under rapid environmental change in global grasslands

Author:

Wilfahrt Peter A.1ORCID,Seabloom Eric W.1ORCID,Bakker Jonathan D.2ORCID,Biederman Lori3,Bugalho Miguel N.4ORCID,Cadotte Marc W.5ORCID,Caldeira Maria C.6ORCID,Catford Jane A.78ORCID,Chen Qingqing910ORCID,Donohue Ian11ORCID,Ebeling Anne12ORCID,Eisenhauer Nico1013ORCID,Haider Sylvia1415ORCID,Heckman Robert W.1617ORCID,Jentsch Anke18ORCID,Koerner Sally E.19ORCID,Komatsu Kimberly J.19ORCID,Laungani Ramesh20,MacDougall Andrew21ORCID,Martina Jason P.22ORCID,Martinson Holly23ORCID,Moore Joslin L.82425ORCID,Niu Yujie18ORCID,Ohlert Timothy2627ORCID,Venterink Harry Olde28ORCID,Orr Devyn29ORCID,Peri Pablo30ORCID,Pos Edwin31ORCID,Price Jodi32,Raynaud Xavier33ORCID,Ren Zhengwei34,Roscher Christiane1035ORCID,Smith Nicholas G.36ORCID,Stevens Carly J.37ORCID,Sullivan Lauren L.38394041ORCID,Tedder Michelle42,Tognetti Pedro M.4344ORCID,Veen Ciska45ORCID,Wheeler George46ORCID,Young Alyssa L.19ORCID,Young Hillary47,Borer Elizabeth T.1ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior University of Minnesota St. Paul Minnesota USA

2. School of Environmental and Forest Sciences University of Washington Seattle Washinton USA

3. Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology Iowa State University Ames Iowa USA

4. Center for Applied Ecology (CEABN‐InBIO), School of Agriculture University of Lisbon Lisbon Portugal

5. Department of Biological Sciences University of Toronto–Scarborough Toronto Ontario Canada

6. Forest Research Centre (CEF), Associate Laboratory TERRA, School of Agriculture University of Lisbon Lisbon Portugal

7. Department of Geography King's College London London UK

8. School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia

9. College of Urban and Environmental Science Peking University Beijing China

10. German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Leipzig Germany

11. Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences Trinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland

12. Institute of Ecology and Evolution University of Jena Jena Germany

13. Institute of Biology Leipzig University Leipzig Germany

14. Leuphana University of Lüneburg Institute of Ecology Lüneburg Germany

15. Martin Luther University Halle‐Wittenberg Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden Halle Germany

16. Department of Integrative Biology University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas USA

17. USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station Cedar City Utah USA

18. Department of Disturbance Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research BAYCEER University of Bayreuth Bayreuth Germany

19. Department of Biology University of North Carolina Greensboro Greensboro North Carolina USA

20. Poly Prep Country Day School New York City New York USA

21. Department of Integrative Biology University of Guelph Guelph Ontario Canada

22. Department of Biology Texas State University San Marcos Texas USA

23. Department of Biology McDaniel College Westminster Maryland USA

24. Arthur Rylah Institute for Environment Research, Department of Energy Environment and Climate Action Heidelberg Victoria Australia

25. School of Biological Sciences Monash University Clayton Victoria Australia

26. Department of Biology Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA

27. Department of Biology University of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico USA

28. Department of Biology Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels Belgium

29. USDA ARS, Eastern Oregon Ag Research Center Burns, & Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon USA

30. INTA‐UNPA.CONICET Santa Cruz Argentina

31. Quantitative Biodiversity Dynamics, Ecology and Biodiversity, Utrecht University Botanic Gardens Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands

32. Gulbali Institute Charles Sturt University Albury New South Wales Australia

33. Sorbonne Université, Université Paris‐Cité, UPEC, IRD, CNRS, INRA Paris France

34. College of Ecology Lanzhou University Lanzhou China

35. UFZ‐Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research Physiological Diversity Leipzig Germany

36. Department of Biological Sciences Texas Tech University Lubbock Texas USA

37. Lancaster Environment Centre Lancaster University Lancaster UK

38. Department of Plant Biology Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan USA

39. W. K. Kellogg Biological Station Michigan State University Hickory Corners USA

40. Ecology, Evolution and Behavior Program Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan USA

41. Division of Biological Sciences University of Missouri Columbia Missouri USA

42. School of Life Sciences University of KwaZulu‐Natal Pietermaritzburg South Africa

43. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA), CONICET, Facultad de Agronomía, Cátedra de Ecología Universidad de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina

44. Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research WSL Birmensdorf Switzerland

45. Netherlands Institute of Ecology Wageningen The Netherlands

46. School of Biological Sciences University of Nebraska‐Lincoln Lincoln Nebraska USA

47. Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology UC Santa Barbara Santa Barbara California USA

Abstract

Abstract Dominance often indicates one or a few species being best suited for resource capture and retention in a given environment. Press perturbations that change availability of limiting resources can restructure competitive hierarchies, allowing new species to capture or retain resources and leaving once dominant species fated to decline. However, dominant species may maintain high abundances even when their new environments no longer favour them due to stochastic processes associated with their high abundance, impeding deterministic processes that would otherwise diminish them. Here, we quantify the persistence of dominance by tracking the rate of decline in dominant species at 90 globally distributed grassland sites under experimentally elevated soil nutrient supply and reduced vertebrate consumer pressure. We found that chronic experimental nutrient addition and vertebrate exclusion caused certain subsets of species to lose dominance more quickly than in control plots. In control plots, perennial species and species with high initial cover maintained dominance for longer than annual species and those with low initial cover respectively. In fertilized plots, species with high initial cover maintained dominance at similar rates to control plots, while those with lower initial cover lost dominance even faster than similar species in controls. High initial cover increased the estimated time to dominance loss more strongly in plots with vertebrate exclosures than in controls. Vertebrate exclosures caused a slight decrease in the persistence of dominance for perennials, while fertilization brought perennials' rate of dominance loss in line with those of annuals. Annual species lost dominance at similar rates regardless of treatments. Synthesis. Collectively, these results point to a strong role of a species' historical abundance in maintaining dominance following environmental perturbations. Because dominant species play an outsized role in driving ecosystem processes, their ability to remain dominant—regardless of environmental conditions—is critical to anticipating expected rates of change in the structure and function of grasslands. Species that maintain dominance while no longer competitively favoured following press perturbations due to their historical abundances may result in community compositions that do not maximize resource capture, a key process of system responses to global change.

Funder

Institute on the Environment, University of Minnesota

National Science Foundation

Publisher

Wiley

Subject

Plant Science,Ecology,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics

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