Cardiometabolic factors and population risks of cardiovascular disease in community‐dwelling adults with varied blood pressure statuses

Abstract

AbstractAimsTo examine the differential associations between cardiometabolic risk factors and cardiovascular disease (CVD), and to evaluate the population‐attributable fractions (PAFs) for CVD among community‐dwelling adults with varied blood pressure (BP) statuses.MethodsThis prospective cohort study included participants without prevalent CVD from a subcohort of the China Patient‐Centred Evaluative Assessment of Cardiac Events Million Persons Project. Participants were divided into four BP groups according to the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines. The study exposure comprised the selected cardiometabolic risk factors, including waist circumference (WC), body mass index, (BMI) heart rate, fasting blood glucose (FBG), low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, and remnant cholesterol. The outcome was hospitalizations for CVD. Cox proportional hazard models were conducted, and the PAFs were calculated in the analysis.ResultsAmong the 94 183 participants (39.0% were men, mean age: 54.2 years), 26.6% had Stage 1 hypertension and 30.8% had Stage 2 hypertension. A total of 6065 hospitalizations for CVD were captured after a median follow‐up of 3.5 years. BP (per 1‐standard deviation [SD]: hazard ratio [HR] 1.34, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.29, 1.40), FBG (per 1‐SD: HR 1.16, 95% CI 1.14, 1.19) and WC (per 1‐SD: HR 1.41, 95% CI 1.36, 1.47) were three major contributors to CVD events. BP status significantly modified the associations of abdominal obesity, suboptimal BMI, suboptimal heart rate and abnormal FBG with CVD, with stronger associations with CVD observed in optimal BP groups compared to hypertensive groups (p for risk factor‐by‐BP group interaction <0.05). Participants with all cardiometabolic risk factors were at the highest risk for CVD, accounting for 35.6% (95% CI 30.0, 40.8) of the PAF for CVD. Among the risk factors, BP control explained the highest PAF for CVD (15.1%, 95% CI 8.2, 21.4) The overall PAFs of cardiometabolic risk factors for CVD were higher among the normotensive participants compared to the hypertensive participants.ConclusionsThe awareness and control rates of hypertension were extremely low among Southern Chinese adults. BP status significantly modified the associations between cardiometabolic risk factors and CVD, and the overall PAFs for CVD were higher among people with normal BP. Dedicated efforts are needed to improve the management of cardiometabolic factors.