Affiliation:
1. Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences University of Liverpool Liverpool UK
2. School of Health and Life Sciences University of Liverpool Liverpool UK
Abstract
SUMMARY OF KEY POINTS
International respiratory organizations now recommend using lower limit of normal and standardized residuals to diagnose airflow obstruction and COPD though using a fixed ratio <0.7 is simpler and robustly predicts important clinical outcomes.
The most common COPD comorbidities are coronary artery calcification, emphysema and bronchiectasis. COPD patients with psychological (high anxiety and depression) and cachectic (underweight and osteoporotic) comorbidity have higher mortality and exacerbate more.
Serum eosinophil count remains an important COPD biomarker and we have greater clarity about normal eosinophil levels in COPD and the wider population.
Criteria for entry into COPD clinical trials continue to exclude many patients, in particular those at greater risk of exacerbation and death.
The effect of hyperinflation on cardiac function impacts COPD mortality and is an important target for successful lung volume reduction procedures.
Subject
Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine
Cited by
2 articles.
订阅此论文施引文献
订阅此论文施引文献,注册后可以免费订阅5篇论文的施引文献,订阅后可以查看论文全部施引文献