The effect of two drug delivery systems in ropivacaine cytotoxicity and cytokine release by human keratinocytes and fibroblasts

Abstract

Abstract Objectives Modified drug delivery systems have been developed to improve pharmacological properties of local anaesthetics. However, the inflammatory potential of these formulations was not investigated. This study compared the in-vitro effects of ropivacaine (ropi) in plain, liposomal (MLV) or 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) formulations on cell viability, apoptosis and cytokine (IL-1α, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-10) release. Methods Human immortalized keratinocytes (HaCaT) and human immortalized gingival fibroblasts (HGF) were exposed to 1–100 μm ropi concentrations. The cell viability was measured by XTT and LIVE/DEAD assay. Apoptosis was performed by flow cytometry, and cytokine release was measured by ELISA assay. Key findings Human immortalized keratinocyte viability was reduced by ropi and both drug delivery systems. However, none of the formulations induced apoptosis. Results showed a differential regulation of IL-1α TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-10 by HaCaT and HGF. Ropi-HP-β-CD increased twofold the IL-6 release by HGF in comparison with the control, while 100 μm ropi-MLV led to an increased release of all pro-inflammatory cytokines by HGF. Conclusion The loss in cell viability was not related to cellular apoptosis. Ropi complexed with HP-β-CD showed a similar cytokine release pattern when compared to the plain formulation. Thus, the HP-β-CD form was a better drug carrier than the MLV form for ropivacaine drug delivery.