Affiliation:
1. CBQF – Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina – Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa Porto Portugal
2. EPIUnit – Unidade de Investigação em Epidemiologia, Instituto de Saúde Publica da Universidade do Porto Porto Portugal
3. Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto Porto Portugal
4. Laboratório Para a Investigação Integrativa e Translacional Em Saúde Populacional (ITR) Porto Portugal
5. Faculdade de Ciências da Nutrição e Alimentação da Universidade do Porto Porto Portugal
Abstract
AbstractThis study aimed to identify the sociodemographic and health‐related factors associated with the consumption of voluntarily fortified foods with micronutrients (Mn‐FF) by the Portuguese population, using data from the National Food, Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey (IAN‐AF 2015–2016). Food consumption, sociodemographic and other health‐related factors, and physical activity data were computerised using the You Eat & Move e‐platform. Foods consumed by participants and labelled foods reported as consumed were included in the database. Mn‐FF were considered all foods containing added micronutrients legally authorised, and MN‐FF users were those who consumed at least one Mn‐FF on at least one of the dietary recall days.Approximately 57% of the population consumed at least one Mn‐FF. Children and adolescents consumed significantly more Mn‐FF than older age groups. The primary contributors to Mn‐FF consumption were breakfast cereals and fat spreads. Being a child (female OR 2.07 [95% CI: 1.52, 2.83]; male OR 4.80 [95% CI: 3.23, 7.14]) or adolescent (female OR 1.62 [95% CI: 1.78, 2.22]; male OR 4.59 [95% CI: 3.26, 6.47]), having a higher level of education (female OR 1.52 [95% CI: 1.17, 1.99]; male OR 1.85 [95% CI: 1.42, 2.42]) and engaging in regular physical activity (female OR 1.31 [95% CI: 1.09, 1.58]; male OR 1.36 [95% CI: 1.11, 1.68]) were factors positively associated with Mn‐FF consumption. Conversely, obesity (female OR 0.76 [95% CI: 0.60, 0.96]), living in predominantly rural areas (male OR 0.70 [95% CI: 0.49, 0.91]) and eating fewer mid‐meals per day (female OR 0.60 [95% CI: 0.48, 0.76]; male OR 0.64 [95% CI: 0.49, 0.84]) were associated with lower Mn‐FF consumption.Younger age, higher education and physical activity practice were positively associated with Mn‐FF consumption. These findings provide important insights on priority factors to be considered when deciding on nutrient fortification policies from both public health and food industry perspectives.