Microbiome composition of the marine sponge Cliona varians at the neotropical southern Caribbean Sea displays a predominant core of Rhizobiales and Nitrosopumilaceae

Abstract

Abstract Aims This work aims to characterize the microbial diversity of the encrusting sponge Cliona varians, a pore-forming and coral reef bioeroding marine sponge of emerging spread related to ocean acidification. Methods and results We analysed the microbiome composition by 16S V4 amplicon next-generation sequencing in a community of the bioeroding coral reef encrusting/excavating marine sponge Cliona varians thriving at the Southern Caribbean Sea. About 87.21% and 6.76% of the sequences retrieved were assigned to the domain Bacteria and Archaea. The most predominant operational taxonomic units were classified as members of the order Rhizobiales and family Nitrosopumilaceae, representing members of not yet characterized genera. Features found strictly conserved in the strain/genomic representatives reported in those microbial taxa are nitrogen fixation and transformation. Conclusion Our results suggest, in accordance with recent results, that these microbiome members and associated functions could be contributing to the biological fitness of the sponge to be able to colonize and bioerode in environments with low access and scarce availability of nitrogen sources. Significance and Impact of Study Coral reefs bioresources such as sponge holobionts are intriguing and complex ecosystem units. This study contributes to the knowledge of how C. varians microbiota is composed or shaped, which is crucial to understand its ecological functions.