1. Keele Cardiovascular Research Group Centre for Prognosis Research Institutes of Applied Clinical Science and Primary Care and Health Sciences Keele University Newcastle UK
2. Department of Cardiology Royal Stoke University Hospital Stoke‐on‐Trent UK
3. Division of Cardiac Surgery Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA
4. University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Foundation Trust Leicester UK
5. Sheffield teaching Hospitals NHS trust Sheffield UK
6. Department of Cardiac Surgery Loma Linda University Medical Center Loma Linda CA USA