1. Center for Clinical Management Research (CCMR) VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System Ann Arbor MI USA
2. Addiction Center, Department of Psychiatry University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
3. Department of Anesthesiology University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA
4. Program for Addiction Research, Clinical Care, Knowledge and Advocacy (PARCKA), Division of Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine University of Utah School of Medicine Salt Lake City UT USA
5. Informatics, Decision‐Enhancement, and Analytic Sciences Center VA Salt Lake City Health Care System Salt Lake City UT USA
6. Consulting for Statistics, Computing and Analytics Research (CSCAR) University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI USA