Affiliation:
1. Biodiversity Institute and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Kansas Lawrence Kansas USA
2. Laboratorio de Ecoinformática de la Biodiversidad, Departamento de Ecología de la Biodiversidad Instituto de Ecología. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Mexico CDMX Mexico
Abstract
AbstractAimsThe aim of this study is to propose and analyse a general, dynamic, process‐oriented theory of the area of distribution.LocationMexico, Southern United States and the Caribbean.TaxonPierid butterflies.MethodsThe area of distribution is modelled by combining (by multiplication) three matrices: one matrix represents movements, another niche tolerances and a third, biotic interactions. Results are derived from general properties of this product and from simulation of a cellular automaton defined in terms of the matrix operations. Everything is implemented practically in an R package.ResultsResults are obtained by simulation and mathematical analysis. We show that the mid‐domain effect is a direct consequence of dispersal; that to include movements to Ecological Niche Modelling significantly affect results, but cannot be done without choosing an ancestral area of distribution. We discuss ways of estimating such ancestral areas. We show that, in our approach, movements and niche effects are mixed in ways almost impossible to disentangle, and show this is a consequence of the singularity of a matrix. We introduce a tool (the Connectivity‐Suitability‐Dispersal plot) to extend the results of simple niche modelling to understand the effects of dispersal.Main conclusionsThe conceptually straightforward scheme we present for the area of distribution integrates, in a mathematically sound and computationally feasible way, several key ideas in biogeography: the geographic and environmental matrix, the Grinnellian niche, dispersal capacity and the ancestral area of origin of groups of species. We show that although full simulations are indispensable to obtain the dynamics of an area of distribution, interesting results can be derived simply by analysing the matrices representing the dynamics.
Subject
Ecology,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Cited by
8 articles.
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