1. BSAVA EDUCATION COMMITTEE COMMISSIONED ARTICLE.
2. Physical Examination of the Musculoskeletal System
3. W. O. Brinker, D. L. Piermattei, and G. L. Flo(1983 ) Handbook of Small Animal Orthopaedics and Fracture Treatment , Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders Company, pp.212 -219 .
4. Chronic lameness in dogs
5. H. R. Denny(1985 ) A Guide to Canine Orthopaedic Surgery . 2nd edn. Oxford, Blackwell Scientific Publications, pp121 -126 , pp.121 -126 .